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灰土挤密桩施工作业指导书
2019-08-30 

  灰土挤密桩用以消除黄土地基的湿陷性,适用于处理地下水位以上的湿陷性黄土、素填土和杂填土等地基。处理深度宜为5-15m,是湿陷性黄土地基常用的处理方法之一,因此在我国西北及华北等黄土地区已广泛应用。灰土挤密桩法是利用柴油锤打桩机锤击沉管挤压成孔,使桩间土得以挤密,用灰土填入桩孔内分层夯实形成灰土桩,并与桩间土组成复合地基的地基处理方法。

  一、施工前的准备工作

  1、材料要求

  土料:可采用素黄土及塑性指数大于4的粉土,有机质含量小于5%,不得使用耕植土;土料应过筛,土块粒径不应大于15mm。

  石灰:选用新鲜的块灰,使用前7d消解并过筛,不得夹有未熟化的生石灰块粒及其他杂质,其颗粒径不应大于5mm,石灰质量不应低于二级标准,活性Ca+MgO的含量不少于60% 。

  对选定的石灰和土进行原材料和土工试验,确定石灰土的最大干密度、最佳含水量等技术参数。拌合采用集中拌合设备,确保充分拌合及颜色均匀一致,灰土的夯实含水量宜控制在最佳含水量±2%之间,边拌合边加水,确保灰土的含水量为最优含水量。

  2、主要机具设备

  成孔设备 灰土拌合机 夯实锤(不小于1.5吨)

  3、 作业准备

  施工场地进行平整,对桩机运行的松软场地进行预压处理,场地形成横坡,做好临时排水沟,保证排水畅通。

  轴线控制桩及水准点桩已经设置并编号。经复核,桩孔位置已经放线并钉标桩定位或撒石灰。

  二、灰土挤密桩施工

  首先做试验桩:

  要求灰土桩在大面积施工前,要进行试桩施工,以确定施工技术参数。施工过程中要求监理人员全程旁站,灰土拌合、成孔、孔间距及回填灰土都严格按照要求进行施工。要求在挤密前、后分别做出下列试验数据。一般设计要求,桩体压实度不小93%。

  试验桩要得出的参数:压实度、夯锤落距、夯击次数、每层填土厚度

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  1、施工顺序:根据相关规定及技术要求,灰土挤密桩施工顺序为采用先里排后外排,隔排隔桩跳打法施工。

  2、工艺流程:

  场地平整→放线定桩位→桩机就位→成孔→夯填→检验

  3、放线定桩位:根据控制轴线,将排桩控制线引至基坑周边,然后根据施工图纸放出桩中心位置,用木楔或白灰点(用钢钎打入土中20~30cm拔出后用白灰灌孔)做好标记,桩位偏差控制在0.4D(D=桩孔直径)以内。测量员应及时复核,准确无误后方可根据所放桩点成孔。为了保证放线的准确性,应尽量安排在白天进行,以免夜间放线错误,发现不及时造成质量问题。

  4、成孔:灰土挤密桩采用长螺旋钻钻孔法施工,钻机就位后,现将钻头对准所放桩中心位置,用线锤从两个不同方向校正钻杆垂直度,确定在规范允许范围(桩身长度的1.5%内)后,用D400柴油锤,将钻杆打入土中。钻孔深度由桩尖1/2处向上量至9.5M用红漆在钻机上做标记,提升成孔。当含水量大于20%时易出现缩孔现象,不得进行成孔施工。在成孔后应及时夯填,并应尽量避免钻机碾压以免造成上部缩孔。如因碾压而造成缩孔,应在夯填前进行二次成孔。成孔后应将地表松散土块由孔中心向四周拨开,以免掉入桩孔内影响成桩质量。

  5、灰土拌和:首先对土和消解后的石灰分别过筛,拌合好的灰土要及时夯填,不得隔日使用。每天施工前测定石灰土的灰剂量、含水量,确保拌和后灰土的灰剂量、含水量满足要求。

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  6、夯实:向桩孔填料前,应先将孔底夯2-3锤,然后用灰土在最优含水率状态下分层回填夯实,每次填料厚度400~500mm(约一架子车),分别从两个方向对称下料,避免因填料不平而造成桩体打歪,夯锤提升高度不小于3m,夯击次数不少于6次,夯扩密实后方可填料。如此反复至设计标高为止。

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  7、按要求频率对桩体压实度进行检测

  8、整段施工完成后,检测承载力及挤密效果等要符合设计要求

  三、施工注意问题

  1、夯击注意事项:夯击就位要保持平稳、沉管垂直,夯锤对准桩中心,确保夯锤能自由落入孔底。

  2、必须遵守成孔挤密的顺序,采用隔排跳打的方式成孔,应打一孔,填一孔,应防止受水浸湿且必须当天回填夯实。为避免夯打造成缩颈堵塞,可隔几个桩位跳打夯实。

  3、成孔深度应符合设计规定,桩孔填料前,应先夯击孔底3-4锤。根据试验测定的密实度要求,随填随夯,对持力层范围内(约5-10倍桩径的深度范围)的夯实质量应严格控制。若锤击数不够,可适当增加击数。

  4、每个桩孔回填用料应与计算用量基本相符。

  四、质量保证措施:

  1、严格执行现行标准、规范、规程。

  2、施工时加强管理,进行认真的技术交底和检查,桩孔要防止漏打或漏填,并将每天每班成孔挤成桩工作量及时复核,并整理上报。

  3、严把质量关,施工过程各工序都要设专人负责监督成孔、回填、夯实质量并做好施工记录,如发现地基土质异常并影响成孔、回填或夯实时,应立即停止施工并报甲方项目部、监理单位有负责人员,待查明情况或采取有效措施处理后方可继续施工。

  4、每道工序必须实施下道工序对上道工序的验收制度,当班人员在自检基础上会同质量技术组进行验收。

  5、做好技术资料整理。根据每天实际完成工程量,认真如实填写工程隐蔽验收记录和灰土挤密桩桩孔分填施工记录表,并上报监理单位。

  6、施工过程应加强质量抽查,抽查数量不得少于成桩数量的2%,采用环刀取样测定桩身土的压实系数及桩间土的挤密系数,并做好记录。对不合格的桩应采取加桩补救的措施。

  五、安全措施:

  1、施工人员进入施工现场要进行安全教育,并做好记录。

  2、现场施工人员必须严格执行有关规程、规范以及各种安全生产操作规程。正确使用安全“三宝”。施工人员必须戴安全帽。

  3、桩机操作时,应安放平稳,防止成孔时,突然倾倒或锤头突然下落,造成人员伤亡或设备损坏。

  4、成孔时距桩锤6m范围内不得有人进行其他作业。

  5、已成好的孔尚未回填时,应加盖板,以免人员或物件掉入孔内。

  6、夯填前,应先检查夯实机等电源线绝缘是否良好,接地线、开关应符合要求,电线不得拖地使用,应一律架空。倒车时一定要有人看好并拉好电线,以免拉、轧断电线造成触电事故。

  7、成孔最好当天填完,遇隔夜施工要做好防雨措施,将孔围拢,孔眼要覆盖,同时要做好施工现场的排水工作,做到安全文明施工。

  六、工期保证措施:

  1、有效工期**天(不含试桩及准备时间),实行07:00-22:00期间施工,计划每班成桩80-100根。

  2、保证工期,合理安排,加强管理,责任落实到人,各负其责,相互配合,确保工期。

  七、环保措施:

  1、(如果临近居民区)尽量将成孔安排到白天施工,分层回填安排在晚间,禁止夜间使用打桩机,白天也应采取遮挡等有效降噪措施。

  2、土方的运输车辆不应超载,必须严密封盖运输和卸运,防止运输过程中的抛洒。

  3、油渍的处理:为防止油路泄漏,各种密封件要保持良好状态,如发现重大泄漏现象,应及时维修,以保证正常运转。对易漏油的机械,要有接油、储油措施,将废油倒入指定容器,防止油落地。搽拭机械用的棉纱,用完后不得随地乱丢,放在专用塑料袋里统一处理。

  4、大门口进出车辆必须冲洗,扫除车厢边挂土,清理干净后再放行;安排专人负责冲洗和扫土。每天保证大门口路面干净卫生。

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